Information in English

From structure to function

Exploring the Role Neurotransmitters in Multiple Sclerosis: An Expanded Review Enes Akyuz et al 2023
”Emerging evidence has shown that changes in neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic gap may contribute to the pathophysiology of MS.
Dysregulated interaction between glutamate and GABA results in synaptic loss” – exitotoxicity
”Acetylcholine and dopamine can affect the T-mediated inflammatory responses (neuroinflammation)
Neurotransmitter imbalances may be critically implicated in MS patophysiology and future studies are needed for our deeper understanding of their role in MS”

Three main types of MS

Too low noradrenaline in relation to the other transmitters, mainly acetylcholine gives the following symptoms: Fatigue, depression, muscle weakness, too much saliva, sweating, difficulties to tolerate heat, heat makes muscles weak, small pupils (miosis), bladder urgency, loose stools, cramps, muscle twitchings, low blood pressure, low heart rate
Too low acetylcholine in relation to the other transmitters, mainly noradrenaline gives the following symptoms: Muscle weakness,dry mouth, swallowing difficulties, enlarged pupils (mydriasis), hard to tolerate light, frozenness to the core, tolerates heat quite well,cold causes stiffness, difficulties to sweat, palpitations, urine retention, constipation, worries, problems with short-term memory and cognitive functions
Too low serotonin in relation to the other transmitters, mainly (dopamine) and noradrenaline gives the following symptoms: Depression, anxiety, restlessness, low stress threshold, getting stuck in negative thought patterns,impaired impulse control, pain, sensory disturbances (numbness, needles and pins), feeling of hunger
And there are also mixed patterns,where the transmitters are lower and unbalanced compared to a healthy individual